General Tojo: Biography of the Sadistic General of the Japanese Empire

The formative influences on young Hideki reflected the contradictions and ambitions of his era. He grew up in an atmosphere where military service was considered the highest form of patriotic duty, where loyalty to the emperor was absolute, and where Japan's destiny as a great power seemed both inevitable and divinely ordained. His education followed the rigid military tradition, first at the Tokyo Military Preparatory School and later at the Imperial Japanese Army Academy, institutions designed to produce officers who would serve as the instruments of Japan's imperial expansion.

Tojo's early military career coincided with Japan's emergence as a regional power through successful wars against China in 1894-1895 and Russia in 1904-1905. These victories, which shocked the Western world by demonstrating that an Asian nation could defeat European powers, profoundly shaped the worldview of Tojo's generation of officers. They came to believe that military force was the primary tool of national policy and that Japan's survival and prosperity depended on continued expansion and the acquisition of an empire comparable to those of the Western powers.