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Growing international integration in trade and ?nance can challenge the measurement of external accounts. This paper presents a uni?ed conceptual framework for identifying sources of mismeasurement of foreign investment income in current account balances. The framework allows to derive a precise de?nition of measurement distortions and an empirical strategy for estimating their importance. As an application, we empirically estimate two speci?c distortions related to in?ation and retained earnings on portfolio equity for a broad set of countries. We ?nd these may explain a non-trivial share of current account imbalances and that they are particularly relevant in countries with large external investment positions. We also discuss how merchanting and pro?t-shifting activities could lead to measurement distortions. We suggest areas for future research and underline the need to strengthen data collection e?orts.
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