The Handbook of Environmental Voluntary Agreements: Design, Implementation and Evaluation Issues
Edoardo Croci
lis 2005. · Environment & Policy Knjiga 43 · Springer Science & Business Media
E-knjiga
395
str.
reportOcjene i recenzije nisu potvrđene Saznajte više
O ovoj e-knjizi
EDOARDOCROCI IEFE - Università Bocconi, Milano, Italy Voluntary approaches in environmental policy represent a “third wave” of regulation in the environmental field. “Command and control” was the first wave. Its core is based on uniform emission standards, the respect of which needs to be enforced through extensive monitoring and severe sanctions. The expected cost of sanction for non-compliance, calculated as its amount multiplied for the probability to be caught, must be superior to the benefits of non-compliance, in order to let the sanction be effective. As the benefits of non-compliance can vary among firms, sanctions need to be very high in order to be effective. In fact sanctions are ordinary correlated to environmental damage and not to the benefits of non-compliance. But very high sanctions can be difficult to enforce as they appear unfair and can lead to dramatic consequences on firms and workers, up to shut-downs of plants. Ambient standards reduce these problems, but oblige the regulator to know a huge amount of information, regarding the specific contribution of each polluter to the polluted body. Information is difficult to obtain because of asymmetric information and costly to produce because it requires large and skilled regulating and enforcing organizations. Nevertheless complex regulation is the base of any environmental policy framework, as it allows the policy maker to fully exercise its power of composition of various interests in a relatively transparent way. Economic instruments were the second wave.
Ocijenite ovu e-knjigu
Recite nam što mislite.
Informacije o čitanju
Pametni telefoni i tableti
Instalirajte aplikaciju Google Play knjige za Android i iPad/iPhone. Automatski se sinkronizira s vašim računom i omogućuje vam da čitate online ili offline gdje god bili.
Prijenosna i stolna računala
Audioknjige kupljene na Google Playu možete slušati pomoću web-preglednika na računalu.
Elektronički čitači i ostali uređaji
Za čitanje na uređajima s elektroničkom tintom, kao što su Kobo e-čitači, trebate preuzeti datoteku i prenijeti je na svoj uređaj. Slijedite detaljne upute u centru za pomoć za prijenos datoteka na podržane e-čitače.
