Stimulating the diffusion of environmental technologies through export

¡ LinkÃļping Studies in Science and Technology. Dissertations ā¨•ā¨ŋā¨¤ā¨žā¨Ŧ 73 ¡ LinkÃļping University Electronic Press
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Contemporary environmental problems represent complex societal challenges, and as these problems become increasingly global, the international diffusion of environmental technologies is essential. One way to diffuse technologies internationally is through export. Despite the potential benefits from the adoption of environmental technologies, their export is stifled by externalities and free-rider problems.

From this background, the aim of this thesis is to analyse how to stimulate the diffusion of environmental technologies through export. This aim is operationalised using four research questions, which focus on governmental initiatives to promote environmental technology export and their perceived effectiveness among targeted firms, obstacles to and drivers for export among municipally owned companies, the use of international city networks to facilitate environmental technology export and components of business concepts for environmental technology export. These questions are explored in the Swedish context using document analyses, interviews and internet surveys in a compilation thesis which consists of a cover essay and an appendix of five scientifically peer-reviewed and published journal articles.

The conclusions are that governmental export promotion initiatives are often generic for all kinds of exporters, including environmental technologies, and comprise financial support, information provision, education and training, and trade and mobility-related programs, often with little incorporation of the specific characteristics of environmental technologies which many exporters perceive as ineffective. Municipally owned companies experience different barriers to and drivers for engaging in international activities compared to privately owned companies, and are often involved in international projects which are not always commercial export. International city networks serve as important arenas for bi-directional information sharing and learning regarding market characteristics, environmental challenges and potential solutions, building legitimacy for technologies and their suppliers. Regarding components of business concepts for the export of environmental technologies, regulation, legitimacy and private-public partnership are identified as particularly important based on the complexity and systemic nature of environmental technologies.

Altogether, this thesis makes a contribution by conceptualising the export of environmental technologies with emphasis on technology characteristics, the technology supplier including their business concepts, obstacles to and drivers for export, technology adopters and their characterisation, communication channels and the diffusion context. For policy makers, a dynamic approach to environmental technology export promotion, in which specific attributes of environmental technologies and their suppliers are considered along their international business development, is suggested as a complement to existing generic initiatives. The possibility to provide such support should be reconciled with resource effectiveness, heterogeneity among companies and the complementary role of governmental interventions to market initiatives. Finally, partnerships between publicly and privately owned companies are suggested as particularly relevant since they build on the long-term experience, functioning proof-of-concept and legitimacy of publicly owned companies together with the competitiveness and flexibility of privately owned companies. These attributes could help overcome the liabilities of foreignness and newness, as well as resource constraints which challenge environmental technology export.

De stora miljÃļproblemen innebär komplexa samhällsutmaningar och allt eftersom miljÃļproblemglobaliseras Ãļkar behovet av en internationell spridning av miljÃļteknik. Export är ett sätt attsprida teknologier internationellt, men trots de potentiella fÃļrdelarna med miljÃļteknikexportstÃļter det ofta pÃĨ hinder. Exempel pÃĨ sÃĨdana hinder är externa effekter som att miljÃļnytta intetillfaller det exporterande fÃļretaget, och att konkurrenter ÃĨker snÃĨlskjuts pÃĨ de fÃļretag som tar deinitiala stegen.

UtifrÃĨn denna bakgrund syftar den här avhandlingen till att analysera hur miljÃļteknikexport kanstimuleras ytterligare. FÃļr att besvara syftet har fyra frÃĨgeställningar utformats som fokuserar pÃĨstatliga initiativ fÃļr att främja export av miljÃļteknik och hur deras effekter uppfattas bland fÃļretagi mÃĨlgruppen; hinder och drivkrafter fÃļr export hos kommunala bolag; internationella nätverkmellan storstäder som arenor fÃļr att underlätta export av miljÃļteknik; samt affärsmodeller fÃļr attexportera miljÃļteknik. FrÃĨgeställningarna utforskas i ett svenskt sammanhang genomdokumentanalys, intervjuer och enkäter. Avhandling bestÃĨende av en sammanfattande ”kappa”och fem publicerade vetenskapliga artiklar.

Resultaten frÃĨn avhandlingen visar att statliga initiativ fÃļr att främja export oftast är generiska fÃļrolika typer av exportÃļrer inklusive miljÃļteknikfÃļretag. Initiativen inkluderar vanligtvis finansielltstÃļd, information, utbildning samt stÃļd fÃļr marknadsbesÃļk och mobilitet. Dock tas ingen stÃļrrehänsyn till de särskilda egenskaperna hos miljÃļteknik vid utformandet av stÃļdet. StÃļdet uppfattasdessutom av mÃĨnga miljÃļteknikexportÃļrer som ineffektivt. Kommunala bolag har andra hinderoch drivkrafter än privata fÃļretag fÃļr att engagera sig internationellt och är oftast involverade iprojekt som inte är direkta exportaktiviteter. Internationella nätverk mellan städer kan fungerasom arenor fÃļr informationsutbyte och lärande mellan olika aktÃļrers marknadsegenskaper,miljÃļproblem och potentiella lÃļsningar samt bidra till legitimitet fÃļr tekniken och dessleverantÃļrer. När det gäller utveckling av affärsmodeller fÃļr att exportera miljÃļteknik framstÃĨrlagstiftning, legitimitet, och samarbete mellan privata och offentliga aktÃļrer som särskilt viktigt attbeakta pÃĨ grund av miljÃļteknikens komplexitet och systemiska natur.

Sammanfattningsvis bidrar avhandlingen till en konceptualisering av miljÃļteknikexport genom attfokusera pÃĨ teknikens egenskaper, dess leverantÃļrers affärsmodeller, hinder och drivkrafter fÃļrexport, de som kÃļper tekniken och deras egenskaper, kommunikationskanaler samt sammanhangdär spridningen sker. En rekommendation är att politiska beslutsfattare borde stÃļdja export avmiljÃļteknik pÃĨ ett dynamiskt sätt där specifika egenskaper hos miljÃļteknik och dess leverantÃļrerbeaktas i takt med deras internationella affärsutveckling. En dynamisk ansats kan vara ett brakomplement till mÃĨnga befintliga generiska statliga initiativ fÃļr att främja export av miljÃļteknik.En sÃĨdan ansats bÃļr ta hänsyn till resurseffektivitet, olikheter mellan fÃļretag, samt varakomplementär till de icke-statliga initiativ som redan finns pÃĨ marknaden. Slutligen fÃļreslÃĨssamarbeten mellan offentliga och privatägda fÃļretag, vilket anses hÃļgst relevant eftersomoffentliga fÃļretag kan bidra till att kombinera den mÃĨngÃĨriga erfarenheten av miljÃļtekniskalÃļsningar samt den legitimitet som sÃĨdana fÃļretag kan ha med privata fÃļretags styrkor sÃĨ somkonkurrenskraft och flexibilitet. Dessa fÃļrslag kan bidra till att minska de exporthinder som haratt gÃļra med att miljÃļteknik ofta är ny och främmande, samt miljÃļteknikfÃļretagens oftabegränsade resurser.

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