Samuel Butler (1835-1902) was an English novelist, essayist, and critic whose work often challenged the Victorian norms of his time. Born into a family with strong clerical ties, Butler initially pursued a career in the Church but soon found himself at odds with its doctrines. His decision to abandon this path and move to New Zealand marked the beginning of a life characterized by intellectual rebellion and exploration.Butler's literary contributions are marked by his incisive critiques of contemporary society, religion, and science. His satirical and often controversial viewpoints resonated with a growing audience disillusioned by the rigid structures of Victorian England. He was an early critic of Charles Darwin's theory of natural selection, proposing instead that evolution was driven by a form of will or desire, a concept that prefigured later ideas in evolutionary biology.One of Butler's most revolutionary ideas was his exploration of the relationship between humans and machines, anticipating themes that would later become central to science fiction. His works delved into the ethical and existential implications of technological advancement, making him a precursor to modern thinkers in the field.Butler's influence extended to contemporary writers such as George Bernard Shaw and Aldous Huxley, who admired his unorthodox thinking and willingness to question established norms. Despite facing significant criticism during his lifetime, Butler's legacy endures as a pioneering voice that challenged the status quo and paved the way for future literary and philosophical inquiry.