Hydropower Economics

· International Series in Operations Research & Management Science Книга 112 · Springer Science & Business Media
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1Β ΠΎΡ‚Π·ΠΈΠ²
Π•Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°
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Π‘Ρ‚Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ†ΠΈ
ΠžΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π·ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π΅ са ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π²ΡŠΡ€Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈ  НаучСтС ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ‡Π΅

Всичко Π·Π° Ρ‚Π°Π·ΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°

The state organisation responsible for coordinating the hydropower el- tricity system in Norway (β€œSamkjΓΈringen”) contacted me in 1990 about the advanced plan for deregulating the electricity system, separating gene- tion, transmission, and distribution and introducing a wholesale market for electricity. It was felt that insights about the fundamental nature of running an electricity system based on hydropower was somewhat lacking within the team of academic economists engaged to write background reports by the Oil and Energy ministry responsible for driving the reform of the el- tricity system. When talking to engineers I was fascinated by the world of electricity, with its physical laws and weird concepts such as reactive power and el- tric phase angles. Externalities of hydraulic interdependence between river-based power stations and highly fluctuating loss and congestion - ternalities involved in a meshed transmission network had to be rec- nised. Furthermore, capturing all these elements required advanced mathematical methods of dynamic programming in a stochastic envir- ment. My conclusion was that a market design that neglected these aspects did it at its own peril. I predicted volatile prices coming out of a compe- tion between producers facing zero short-run variable costs and problems with investments coming forth sufficiently from a social perspective. However, I can safely say that my report had no impact whatsoever on the Norwegian electricity reform of 1991, that must be regarded, not the least by me, as being highly successful.

ΠžΡ†Π΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚Π·ΠΈΠ²ΠΈ

3,0
1Β ΠΎΡ‚Π·ΠΈΠ²

ΠžΡ†Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Ρ‚Π°Π·ΠΈ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½Π° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°

ΠšΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅ Π½ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠ²ΠΎ мислитС.

Π˜Π½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡ Π·Π° Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Π½Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ

Π‘ΠΌΠ°Ρ€Ρ‚Ρ„ΠΎΠ½ΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ‚Π°Π±Π»Π΅Ρ‚ΠΈ
Π˜Π½ΡΡ‚Π°Π»ΠΈΡ€Π°ΠΉΡ‚Π΅ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅Ρ‚ΠΎ Google Play Книги Π·Π° Android ΠΈ iPad/iPhone. Π’ΠΎ Π°Π²Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎ сС синхронизира с ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΡ„ΠΈΠ»Π° Π²ΠΈ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈ позволява Π΄Π° Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡ„Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½, ΠΊΡŠΠ΄Π΅Ρ‚ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄Π° стС.
Π›Π°ΠΏΡ‚ΠΎΠΏΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŽΡ‚Ρ€ΠΈ
ΠœΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ‚Π΅ Π΄Π° ΡΠ»ΡƒΡˆΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ Π·Π°ΠΊΡƒΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ Google Play Π°ΡƒΠ΄ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ посрСдством ΡƒΠ΅Π± Π±Ρ€Π°ΡƒΠ·ΡŠΡ€Π° Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡŽΡ‚ΡŠΡ€Π° си.
Π•Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ†ΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ€ΡƒΠ³ΠΈ устройства
Π—Π° Π΄Π° Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Π½Π° устройства с Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ мастило, ΠΊΠ°Ρ‚ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ€ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ†ΠΈ ΠΎΡ‚ Kobo, трябва Π΄Π° ΠΈΠ·Ρ‚Π΅Π³Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ„Π°ΠΉΠ» ΠΈ Π΄Π° Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ…Π²ΡŠΡ€Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π½Π° устройството си. Π˜Π·ΠΏΡŠΠ»Π½Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ€ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ инструкции Π² ΠŸΠΎΠΌΠΎΡ‰Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ†Π΅Π½Ρ‚ΡŠΡ€, Π·Π° Π΄Π° ΠΏΡ€Π΅Ρ…Π²ΡŠΡ€Π»ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Ρ„Π°ΠΉΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ‚Π΅ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄ΡŠΡ€ΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ‚Π΅ Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΊΡ‚Ρ€ΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΈ Ρ‡Π΅Ρ‚Ρ†ΠΈ.

ΠŸΡ€ΠΎΠ΄ΡŠΠ»ΠΆΠ°Π²Π°Π½Π΅ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΡ€Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ†Π°Ρ‚Π°

ΠžΡ‰Π΅ ΠΎΡ‚ Finn R. Forsund

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