Competition and Coexistence
Ulrich Sommer ¡ Boris Worm
āĻĄāĻŋāĻ¸ā§ ā§¨ā§Ļā§§ā§¨ ¡ Ecological Studies āĻŦāĻ 161 ¡ Springer Science & Business Media
āĻ-āĻŦā§āĻ
223
āĻĒā§āĻˇā§āĻ āĻž
reportāĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ āĻ°āĻŋāĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻ āĻāĻ°āĻž āĻšā§āĻ¨āĻŋ Â āĻāĻ°āĻ āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¨
āĻāĻ āĻ-āĻŦā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻŦāĻŋāĻˇā§ā§
The question "Why are there so many species?" has puzzled ecologist for a long time. Initially, an academic question, it has gained practical interest by the recent awareness of global biodiversity loss. Species diversity in local ecosystems has always been discussed in relation to the problem of competi tive exclusion and the apparent contradiction between the competitive exclu sion principle and the overwhelming richness of species found in nature. Competition as a mechanism structuring ecological communities has never been uncontroversial. Not only its importance but even its existence have been debated. On the one extreme, some ecologists have taken competi tion for granted and have used it as an explanation by default if the distribu tion of a species was more restricted than could be explained by physiology and dispersal history. For decades, competition has been a core mechanism behind popular concepts like ecological niche, succession, limiting similarity, and character displacement, among others. For some, competition has almost become synonymous with the Darwinian "struggle for existence", although simple plausibility should tell us that organisms have to struggle against much more than competitors, e.g. predators, parasites, pathogens, and envi ronmental harshness.
āĻ-āĻŦā§āĻā§ āĻ°ā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻĻāĻŋāĻ¨
āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤āĻžāĻŽāĻ¤ āĻāĻžāĻ¨āĻžāĻ¨āĨ¤
āĻĒāĻ āĻ¨ āĻ¤āĻĨā§āĻ¯
āĻ¸ā§āĻŽāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻāĻĢā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§āĻ
Android āĻāĻŦāĻ iPad/iPhone āĻāĻ° āĻāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ Google Play āĻŦāĻ āĻ
ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒ āĻāĻ¨āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻ˛ āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤ āĻāĻāĻŋ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻ
ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¨ā§āĻā§āĻ° āĻ¸āĻžāĻĨā§ āĻ
āĻā§āĻŽā§āĻāĻŋāĻ āĻ¸āĻŋāĻā§āĻ āĻšā§ āĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻ
āĻ¨āĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻŦāĻž āĻ
āĻĢāĻ˛āĻžāĻāĻ¨ āĻ¯āĻžāĻ āĻĨāĻžāĻā§āĻ¨ āĻ¨āĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻĒā§āĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§ā§āĨ¤
āĻ˛ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻĒāĻāĻĒ āĻ āĻāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻ°
Google Play āĻĨā§āĻā§ āĻā§āĻ¨āĻž āĻ
āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻŦā§āĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻŋ āĻāĻŽā§āĻĒāĻŋāĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻā§ā§āĻŦ āĻŦā§āĻ°āĻžāĻāĻāĻžāĻ°ā§ āĻļā§āĻ¨āĻ¤ā§ āĻĒāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
eReader āĻāĻŦāĻ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¯āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¯ āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¸
Kobo eReaders-āĻāĻ° āĻŽāĻ¤ā§ e-ink āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻ¤ā§, āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻā§ āĻāĻāĻāĻŋ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ˛ āĻĄāĻžāĻāĻ¨āĻ˛ā§āĻĄ āĻ āĻāĻĒāĻ¨āĻžāĻ° āĻĄāĻŋāĻāĻžāĻāĻ¸ā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻĢāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻšāĻŦā§āĨ¤ āĻŦā§āĻ¯āĻŦāĻšāĻžāĻ°āĻāĻžāĻ°ā§āĻ° āĻāĻĻā§āĻĻā§āĻļā§āĻ¯ā§ āĻ¤ā§āĻ°āĻŋ āĻ¸āĻšāĻžā§āĻ¤āĻž āĻā§āĻ¨ā§āĻĻā§āĻ°āĻ¤ā§ āĻĻā§āĻā§āĻž āĻ¨āĻŋāĻ°ā§āĻĻā§āĻļāĻžāĻŦāĻ˛ā§ āĻ
āĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻ°āĻŖ āĻāĻ°ā§ āĻ¯ā§āĻ¸āĻŦ eReader-āĻ āĻĢāĻžāĻāĻ˛ āĻĒāĻĄāĻŧāĻž āĻ¯āĻžāĻŦā§ āĻ¸ā§āĻāĻžāĻ¨ā§ āĻā§āĻ°āĻžāĻ¨ā§āĻ¸āĻĢāĻžāĻ° āĻāĻ°ā§āĻ¨āĨ¤
