Cellular and mobile communication: Mobile communication system

1 · Balamurali
5.0
5 રિવ્યૂ
ઇ-પુસ્તક
190
પેજ
રેટિંગ અને રિવ્યૂ ચકાસેલા નથી વધુ જાણો

આ ઇ-પુસ્તક વિશે

 Contents

1 Introductory Concepts 1

1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.2 Evolution of Mobile Radio Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.3 Present Day Mobile Communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.4 Fundamental Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1.4.1 Radio Transmission Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1.5 How a Mobile Call is Actually Made? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.5.1 Cellular Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.5.2 Operational Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.5.3 Making a Call . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.6 Future Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

1.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2 Modern Wireless Communication Systems 11

2.1 1G: First Generation Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2 2G: Second Generation Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2.2.1 TDMA/FDD Standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.2.2 CDMA/FDD Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.2.3 2.5G Mobile Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.3 3G: Third Generation Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.3.1 3G Standards and Access Technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.3.2 3G W-CDMA (UMTS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

2.3.3 3G CDMA2000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.3.4 3G TD-SCDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

2.4 Wireless Transmission Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.4.1 Wireless Local Loop (WLL) and LMDS . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.4.2 Bluetooth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2.4.3 Wireless Local Area Networks (W-LAN) . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

2.4.4 WiMax . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.4.5 Zigbee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.4.6 Wibree . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2.5 Conclusion: Beyond 3G Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

2.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

3 The Cellular Engineering Fundamentals 23

3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.2 What is a Cell? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.3 Frequency Reuse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

3.4 Channel Assignment Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.4.1 Fixed Channel Assignment (FCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.4.2 Dynamic Channel Assignment (DCA) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

3.5 Hando Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

3.5.1 Factors In uencing Hando s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

3.5.2 Hando s In Di erent Generations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

3.5.3 Hando Priority . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

3.5.4 A Few Practical Problems in Hando Scenario . . . . . . . . 33

3.6 Interference & System Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.6.1 Co-channel interference (CCI). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

3.6.2 Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

3.7 Enhancing Capacity And Cell Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.7.1 The Key Trade-o . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

3.7.2 Cell-Splitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

3.7.3 Sectoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

3.7.4 Microcell Zone Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

3.8 Trunked Radio System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

3.9 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

4 Free Space Radio Wave Propagation 54

4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

4.2 Free Space Propagation Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

4.3 Basic Methods of Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

4.3.1 Re ection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

4.3.2 Di raction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

4.3.3 Scattering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

4.4 Two Ray Re ection Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

4.5 Di raction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

4.5.1 Knife-Edge Di raction Geometry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

4.5.2 Fresnel Zones: the Concept of Di raction Loss . . . . . . . . 66

4.5.3 Knife-edge di raction model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

4.6 Link Budget Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

4.6.1 Log-distance Path Loss Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

4.6.2 Log Normal Shadowing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

4.7 Outdoor Propagation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

4.7.1 Okumura Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

4.7.2 Hata Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

4.8 Indoor Propagation Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

4.8.1 Partition Losses Inside a Floor (Intra- oor) . . . . . . . . . . 72

4.8.2 Partition Losses Between Floors (Inter- oor) . . . . . . . . . 73

4.8.3 Log-distance Path Loss Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

4.9 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

4.10 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

5 Multipath Wave Propagation and Fading 75

5.1 Multipath Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

5.2 Multipath & Small-Scale Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

5.2.1 Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

5.2.2 Multipath Fading E ects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

5.2.3 Factors In uencing Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

5.3 Types of Small-Scale Fading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

5.3.1 Fading E ects due to Multipath Time Delay Spread . . . . . 77

5.3.2 Fading E ects due to Doppler Spread . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

5.3.3 Doppler Shift . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

5.3.4 Impulse Response Model of a Multipath Channel . . . . . . . 80

5.3.5 Relation Between Bandwidth and Received Power . . . . . . 82

5.3.6 Linear Time Varying Channels (LTV) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

5.3.7 Small-Scale Multipath Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

5.4 Multipath Channel Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

5.4.1 Time Dispersion Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

5.4.2 Frequency Dispersion Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

5.5 Statistical models for multipath propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

5.5.1 NLoS Propagation: Rayleigh Fading Model . . . . . . . . . . 91

5.5.2 LoS Propagation: Rician Fading Model . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

5.5.3 Generalized Model: Nakagami Distribution . . . . . . . . . . 94

5.5.4 Second Order Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

5.6 Simulation of Rayleigh Fading Models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

5.6.1 Clarke's Model: without Doppler E ect . . . . . . . . . . . . 96

5.6.2 Clarke and Gans' Model: with Doppler E ect . . . . . . . . . 96

5.6.3 Rayleigh Simulator with Wide Range of Channel Conditions 97

5.6.4 Two-Ray Rayleigh Faded Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

5.6.5 Saleh and Valenzuela Indoor Statistical Model . . . . . . . . 98

5.6.6 SIRCIM/SMRCIM Indoor/Outdoor Statistical Models . . . . 98

5.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

5.8 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

6 Transmitter and Receiver Techniques 101

6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

6.2 Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

6.2.1 Choice of Modulation Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

6.2.2 Advantages of Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

6.2.3 Linear and Non-linear Modulation Techniques . . . . . . . . . 103

6.2.4 Amplitude and Angle Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

6.2.5 Analog and Digital Modulation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . 104

6.3 Signal Space Representation of Digitally Modulated Signals . . . . . 104

6.4 Complex Representation of Linear Modulated Signals and Band Pass

Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

6.5 Linear Modulation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

6.5.1 Amplitude Modulation (DSBSC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

6.5.2 BPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

6.5.3 QPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107

6.5.4 O set-QPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

6.5.5 =4 DQPSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

6.6 Line Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110

6.7 Pulse Shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

6.7.1 Nyquist pulse shaping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

6.7.2 Raised Cosine Roll-O Filtering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

6.7.3 Realization of Pulse Shaping Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

6.8 Nonlinear Modulation Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

6.8.1 Angle Modulation (FM and PM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

6.8.2 BFSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

6.9 GMSK Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

6.10 GMSK Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119

6.11 Two Practical Issues of Concern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

6.11.1 Inter Channel Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

6.11.2 Power Ampli er Nonlinearity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

6.12 Receiver performance in multipath channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

6.12.1 Bit Error Rate and Symbol Error Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

6.13 Example of a Multicarrier Modulation: OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

6.13.1 Orthogonality of Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

6.13.2 Mathematical Description of OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

6.14 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127

6.15 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

7 Techniques to Mitigate Fading E ects 129

7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129

7.2 Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130

7.2.1 A Mathematical Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131

7.2.2 Zero Forcing Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

7.2.3 A Generic Adaptive Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

7.2.4 Choice of Algorithms for Adaptive Equalization . . . . . . . . 134

7.3 Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136

7.3.1 Di erent Types of Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137

7.4 Channel Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

7.4.1 Shannon's Channel Capacity Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

7.4.2 Block Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144

7.4.3 Convolutional Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

7.4.4 Concatenated Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

7.5 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

7.6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

8 Multiple Access Techniques 157

8.1 Multiple Access Techniques for Wireless Communication . . . . . . . 157

8.1.1 Narrowband Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

8.1.2 Wideband Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158

8.2 Frequency Division Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159

8.2.1 FDMA/FDD in AMPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

8.2.2 FDMA/TDD in CT2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

8.2.3 FDMA and Near-Far Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

8.3 Time Division Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

8.3.1 TDMA/FDD in GSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161

8.3.2 TDMA/TDD in DECT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162

8.4 Spread Spectrum Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

8.4.1 Frequency Hopped Multiple Access (FHMA) . . . . . . . . . 163

8.4.2 Code Division Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

8.4.3 CDMA and Self-interference Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164

8.4.4 CDMA and Near-Far Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

8.4.5 Hybrid Spread Spectrum Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

8.5 Space Division Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

8.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166

8.7 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

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