IVAN TURGENEV was born in 1818 in the Russian province of Orel. After his family moved to Moscow in 1827 he entered Petersburg University, where he studied philosophy. At nineteen, he published his first poems and went on to attend the University of Berlin for two years and then the University of Moscow. After 1856 he lived mostly abroad and became the first Russian writer to gain a wide reputation in Europe. He died in Paris in 1883 and was buried in Russia.