Classical Physics Beyond Einstein's: Gravity without Big G

Speed of light is constant, when measured locally in any area. But the speed of time varies between areas. These two facts combined together mean that local speed of light and local speed of time are proportional, and their ratio is known as the speed-of-light constant c. But when light crosses areas of various time speeds, then the light wave, watched from somewhere outside, does not look like crossing these areas at the same speed at all. From an outside perspective, light runs at speed c/D, where D is a time slowness factor called time dilation. Apparent variations in D values between areas make “apparent speed of light” c/D variable. That explains many observations (previously attributed to magical/dark mechanics) as mere optical effects. Besides optical effects, there are real/tangible ones: c/D defines time pressure and time energy potential 0.5c²/D². Time potential was the pivotal result of this book’s first edition. It replaced overcomplicated and extremely speculative General Relativity: time energy potential provides better results and in a very clear classical manner.

This edition takes you further, using an observation that time dilation D(r) at distance r from an attractor remains constant if powered by that distance: D(r)ʳ = Const. Now, just having a single measurement D = D(R) of time dilation at any distance R from an attractor, we know time dilation D(r) at any other distance r from the attractor:

D(r) = D ᴿ⸍ʳ, because of constant D(r)ʳ = D(R)ᴿ and D = D(R) measurement.

That leads to revision of some fundamentals in physics. Newton’s inverse square law for gravitational acceleration g(r) ≈ GM/r² (with enigmatic constant G of unknown nature and attracting mass M, with nature of mass still unclear to critically thinking physicists) can be expressed now using a measurement D of time dilation at any distance R from an attractor as g(r) ≈ c² ln(D) R / r² without magical components. These inverse-square formulas, with and without enigmatic ingredients, match measurements in the Solar system. As for the precise gravitational formula, we provide it as well: g(r) = c² ln(D) R / r² / D ²ᴿ⸍ʳ. It explains elliptical orbits precession in clear terms when D ²ᴿ⸍ʳ cannot be ignored — when it is distinguishable from 1.

And there is more, as you can see in and navigate from the

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. METERING TIME

2. OPTICAL EFFECTS OF TIME VARIABILITY

2.1. Color Change (Redshift, Blueshift)

2.2. Refraction

2.3. Reflection

2.4. Multiple Images

2.5. Visibility Angle

2.6. Concave Lensing

3. TIME POTENTIAL

3.1. Potential = 0.5×c²/D²

3.2. Gravity g = – (0.5c²/D²)' ≈ c²×D' ~ ∇D

3.3. Gravitational Time Dilation D = exp[G×M/(R×c²)]

3.4. Escape velocity = c × √ [ 1–exp(–2G×M/(R×c²)) ] ≤ c

3.5. Action = – D² × Reaction

3.6. Relativistic Time Dilation D = 1 / √ (1–v²/c²)

4. REVISED MASS AND ENERGY FORMULAS

4.1. Mass m = m₀×D²

4.2. E = m×c²/2

4.3. E = h×f/2 and Millikan's Test

5.★ NO SPACE CURVATURE

On the Example of Venus’ Orbit

6. CROSSING BORDER BETWEEN TIMEZONES

6.1. Mechanics by Snell’s Law: Escape Velocity

6.2. Strong Force and Half–Life

7.★ RESOLVING/REMOVING BIG G FROM GRAVITY

8.★ NEWTON’S SHELL FOR VARIABLE TIME

8.1. Inside the Shell

8.2. Outside the Shell

8.3. Element 115

9.★ TIME DOES NOT STOP AT THE CENTER OF MILKY WAY

New chapters are ★-marked.